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[sans numérotation] [Page de faux-titre]
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[sans numérotation] Heinnemann'Scientific Handbooks
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[sans numérotation] [Page de titre]
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[page blanche]
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v Translator's note
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vi
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vii [Préface]
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viii
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ix Contents
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x
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xi
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xii
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xiii
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xiv
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xv
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[page blanche]
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1 Chapter I. Time. Its graphic record; time-measurement by means of photography
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2
Image : Fig. 1. Scale of hours. Time measurement
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3
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4
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5
Image : Fig. 2. Arrangement designed for transmitting a mouvement to the needle, which records the duration and the phases
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6
Image : Fig. 3. Shoe for indicating when a man's foot comes in contact with the ground
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7
Image : Fig. 4. Pedestrian furnished with special shoes and carrying a chronographic apparatus
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8
Image : Fig. 5. Chronographic record of the periods of contact of the feet of a man executing various paces / Fig. 6. special apparatus for recording the contacts of a horse's feet with the ground
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9
Image : Fig. 7. Horse at a full trot
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10
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11
Image : Fig. 8. Three records of the paces of a horse : amble, walk, and trot
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12
Image : Fig. 9. Triple-beat gallop
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13
Image : Fig. 10. Record of two airs played on the keyboard of a harmonium
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14
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15
Image : Fig. 11. Needle spinning round the chronometric dial, and measuring the duration of exposure
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16
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17
Image : Fig. 12. Successive positions of the needle on the chronometric dial, measuring the intervals of time separating the successive exposures
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18 Chapter II. Space. Its measurement and reprsentation by photography
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19
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20
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21
Image : Fig. 13. Trajectory of the tip of a crow's wing
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22
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23
Image : Fig. 14. Stereoscopic trajectory of a brillant point placed at the level of the lumbar vertebrae of a man walking away from the photographic camera
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24
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25
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26
Image : Fig. 15. Cylinder engendered by the displacement of a white thread moving round a central axis / Fig. 16 Hyberboloid by revolution: a single web engendered by the revolution of a thred set obliquely to the axis
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27
Image : Fig. 17. Hyperboloid by revolution with its asymptotic cone/ Fig. 18. Conoid engendered by the movement of a white thread/ Fig. 19. Sphere engendered by the rotation of a semi-annular white thread
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28
Image : Fig. 20. Sphere engendered by the rotation of a semi-annular thread/ Fig. 21. Hyperboloid and its asymptotic cone
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29
Image : Fig. 22. Sphere engendered by the rotation of a semi-annular band, white on the outer surface and black on the inner side
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30
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31
Image : Fig. 23. Sphere engendered by a semi-annular band, white on both surfaces
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32
Image : Fig. 24. Paradoxical appearance of a sphere engendered by the rotation of a brilliant metallic thread
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33 Chapter III. Movement. Its measurement, graphic representation, and analysis by means of chronophotography
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34
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35
Image : Fig. 25. Graphic representation of a uniform movement
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36
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37
Image : Fig. 26. Chart to express the movements of trains along a railway
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38
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39
Image : Fig. 27. Successives sections of the curve of a movement
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40
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41
Image : Fig. 28. Enlarged tracings of the pulse in different diseases
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42
Image : Fig. 29. Proportional reduction of a movement by means of an india rubber thread
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43
Image : Fig. 30. Pedestrian pushing an odograph in front of him
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44
Image : Fig. 31. Details of the odograph
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45
Image : Fig. 32. The instrument is seen obliquely from behind
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46
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47
Image : Fig. 33. Two odographic charts expressing, according to different scales, the advance of a fast train
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48
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49
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50
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51
Image : Fig; 34. Photography of the movement of a falling body
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52
Image : Fig. 35. Curves of the movement of a failling body
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53
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54 Chapter IV. Chronophotography on fixed plates
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55
Image : Fig. 36. Simple trajectory and chronophotographic trajectory of a bright ball moving in front of a dark background
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56
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57
Image : Fig. 37. A man walking. Chronophotography on a fixed plate
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58
Image : Fig. 38. Arab horse at a gallop/ Fig. 39. A man running. Chronophotography on a fixed plate
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59
Image : Fig. 40. A boxer represented in the two extreme positions of a movement
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60
Image : Fig; 41. Man dressed in black, with white lines and points for the chronophotographic study of the movement of the important parts of the body
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61
Image : Fig. 42. Images of runner reduced to a system of bright lines for representing the position of this limbs
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62
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63
Image : Fig. 43. Alternating images for multiplying the number of positions afforded by chronophotography
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64
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65
Image : Fig. 44. Rotating mirror for separating the images of an object which moves too slowly
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66
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67 Chapter V. Description of the apparatus
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68
Image : Fig. 45. Arrangement of an apparatus adapted for all the purposes of chronophotography
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69
Image : Fig. 46. Objective mounted in a sliding box/ Fig. 47. Frame with ground glass for focussing in chronophotography on fixed plated
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70
Image : Fig. 48. Dark slide for negative
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71
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72
Image : Fig. 49. Arrangement of the dark background at the Physiological Station
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73
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74
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75
Image : Fig. 50. Dark background for the study of movements occurring in liquids
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76
Image : Fig. 51. Arrangement of the experiment for studying movements in liquids
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77
Image : Fig. 52. Arrangement employed by Messrs. Demeny and Quénu for studying abnormalities in walking
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78
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79
Image : Fig. 53. Extent of the movements of the legs obtained by Messrs. Demeny and Quénu in a dark room
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80
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81
Image : Fig. 54. Changes which occur in the perspective of a moving animal according to the distance off at which the photographic apparatus is placed
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82
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83
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84 Chapter VI. Applications of chronophotography to mechanics
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85
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86
Image : Fig. 55. The successive positions of a projectile in respect to two axes, one vertical, the other horizontal/ Fig. 56. Stick thrown horizontally with a rotatory movement in a vertical plane
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87
Image : Fig. 57. Movement of a system of two balls bound together by a string/ Fig. 58. Trajectory of a projectile in respect to two axes
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88
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89
Image : Fig. 59. Chronophotographic trajectory of a flying apparatus describing asinuous curve in the air
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90
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91
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92
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93
Image : Fig. 60. Chopping waves of very short period/ Fig. 61. Advancing wave
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94
Image : Fig. 62. Molecular movements within a simple chopping wave/ Fig. 63. Molecular movements within a series of chopping waves of short period
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95
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96
Image : Fig. 64. Changes in velocity and in direction which occur in the liquid molecules of a current which meets an inclined plane/ Fig. 65. effects produced on a current by the immersion of a solid rectangular box
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97
Image : Fig. 66. A current meeting a pisciform body at its thick end/ Fig. 67. A current meeting a pisciform body at its small end
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98
Image : Fig. 68. Fluid wave surmounting an obstacle
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99
Image : Fig. 69. Jointed pendulum
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100
Image : Fig. 70. Vibrations of an elastic and wooden rod
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101
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102
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103 Chapter VII. Chronophotography on moving plates. Principes and history of the method
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104
Image : Fig. 71. Facsimile of the print of a photographic plate obtained with the astronomical revolver of the transit of the planet Venus across the sun, Dec. 8, 1874
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105
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106
Image : Fig. 72. Field of operations arranged by Mr. Muybridge
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107
Image : Fig. 73. Six successive photographs of a horse at a walking pace
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108
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109
Image : Fig. 74. The photographic gun
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110
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111
Image : Fig. 75. External appearance of the photographic gun
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112
Image : Fig. 76. Details of the interior of the photographic gun
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113
Image : Fig. 77. Special box holding the photographic plates
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114
Image : Fig. 78. Photograph of a gull during flight
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115
Image : Fig. 79. Enlargement of one of the photographs obtained with the photographic gun
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116
Image : Fig. 80. Internal structure of the photographic chamber
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117
Image : Fig. 81. Admission shutter which is substituted for the dark slide when working with a roll of film/ Fig. 82. Two metal bobbins for carrying the sensitized film
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118
Image : Fig. 83. Showing how the film is lengthened at its two extremities by the opaque bands of paper
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119
Image : Fig. 84. Supply bobbin ready charged
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120
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121
Image : Fig. 85. Two successive photographs taken on a sensitized film
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122
Image : Fig. 86. Sword-stroke
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123
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124
Image : Fig. 87. Series of photographs to show the successive phases of the movement of a wave
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125
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126 Chapter VIII. Human movements from the point of view of kinetics
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127
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128
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129
Image : Fig. 88. Arrangement of the odograph and of the track at the physiological station
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130
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131
Image : Fig. 89. Chart of the fixed odograph to show paces of different velocity
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132
Image : Fig. 90. Curves to show the rate and length of the stride
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133
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134
Image : Fig. 91. The trajectory of the pubis of a man at a walking pace
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135
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136
Image : Fig. 92. Successive phases of a long-jump
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137
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138
Image : Fig. 93. Successive phases of a pole-jump
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139
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140
Image : Fig. 94. Incomplete photographs, namely, bright lines on dark-coloured clothing, are received on the fixed plate
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141
Image : Fig. 95. Fencing
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142
Image : Fig. 96. Jump from a height with flexion of the legs to break the fall
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143
Image : Fig. 97. Jump from a height with stiffened legs
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144
Image : Fig. 98. Oscillations of the leg in running
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145
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146 Chapter IX. Certain movements in man from the point of view of dynamics
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147
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148
Image : Fig. 99. Traction dynamograph
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149
Image : Fig. 100. Dynamographic platform for giving a curve of foot-pressure on the ground
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150
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151
Image : Fig. 101. Method of simultaneously recording the foot-pressure on the ground and the changes in elevation of the body during a jump
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152
Image : Fig. 102. Superior curves: changes of height in the head during the jump. Inferior curves: pressure exercised by the feet on the ground
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153
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154
Image : Fig. 103. Geometrical chronograph of yhe movements of the leg in wlking, during the period that the foot is in contact with the ground/ Fig. 104. Dynamographic tracing to express the phases of pressure by the foot on the ground in walking
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155
Image : Fig. 105. Geometrical chronophotograph of the movements executed in taking a high-jump
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156
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157
Image : Fig. 106. Geometrical chronophotograph of a man's movements when walking
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158
Image : Fig. 107. Vertical oscillations of the head when walking
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159
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160
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161
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162
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163
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164
Image : Fig. 108. Variations in the vertical oscillations of the body in walking and in running
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165
Image : Fig. 109. Curves of the different elements of the work performed in walking and running
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166
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167
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168
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169 Chapter X. Locomotion is man from an artistic point of view
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170
Image : Fig. 110. Ocydromes or swift-runners (from a Greek vase)
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171
Image : Fig. 111. Instantaneous photograph of a runner
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172
Image : Fig. 112. A man walking; successive positions afforded by chronophotography on fixed plates
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173
Image : Fig. 113. Chronophotographic illustration of a runner
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174
Image : Fig. 114. Flexion of an arm/ Fig. 115. Extension of an arm/ Fig. 116. Alternating movements of flexion and extension/ Fig. 117. Single movement of forcible extension
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175
Image : Fig. 118. Chronophotograph of a runner taken from above
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176
Image : Fig. 119. Statuette made from chronophotographs
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177
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178
Image : Fig. 120. A sword thrust
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179
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180
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181
Image : Fig. 121. Successive attitudes of a Greek dance, the influence of the movement on the fall of the draperies
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182
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183
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184
Image : Fig. 122. Imitation of the attitudes of a Greek dance, and of the fall of the drapery
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185
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186 Chapter XI. Locomotion of quadrupeds
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187
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188
Image : Fig. 123. Synoptic chart of a horse's paces according to different authorities
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189
Image : Fig. 124. Transition from walking to trotting/ Fig. 125. Transition from trotting to walking/ Fig. 126. Transition from trotting to gallop (three time)
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190
Image : Fig. 127. Transition from a gallop (three time) to a trot
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191
Image : Fig. 128. Table of the track of a horse performing different paces
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192
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193
Image : Fig. 129. Representation of a walking horse, designed from a chronographic chart and from the footprints
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194
Image : Fig. 130. Table of the attitudes of a horse, designed by Col. Duhousset from chronographic charts
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195
Image : Fig. 131. Horse walking
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196
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197
Image : Fig. 132. Table of the attitudes of a horse from instantaneous photographs by Muybridge
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198
Image : Fig. 133. Horse walking (enlarged)
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199
Image : Fig. 134. Horse walking (enlarged)
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200
Image : Fig. 135. Horse at a canter. The series must be read from below apwards
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201
Image : Fig. 136. Transition from trot to gallop
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202
Image : Fig. 137. Changing step in a gallop
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203
Image : Fig. 138. Assyrian bas-relief. Horse at an amble / Fig. 139. Egyptian bas-relief (Medynet-Abou). Two harnessed horses moving at an amble
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204
Image : Fig. 140. Assyrian bas-relief (Ninive) horse walking/ Fig. 141. Bas-relief on brunt clay Volscian period (Velletri). Three harnessed horses walking
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205
Image : Fig. 142. Cavalier at walking pace (Trajan's column)/ Fig. 143. Mule walking (Trajan's column)
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206
Image : Fig. 144. The horse of Death, by Albert durer. The horse is at a slow trot / Fig. 145. Statue of Henry IV on the Pont-Neuf. Horse at a trot
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207
Image : Fig. 146. Frieze at the Parthenon. Horse at a canter
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208
Image : Fig. 147. Horse prepared for experiments with geometrical chronophotographs
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209
Image : Fig. 148. Diagram of the movements of the right anterior and posterior limbs of a horse at a walking pace
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210
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211 Chapter XII. Locomotion in water
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212
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213
Image : Fig. 149. Arrangement of the marine aquarium for studying locomotion in water
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214
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215
Image : Fig. 150. Movements of the bell of a medusa
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216
Image : Fig. 151. Comatula executing movements at the bottom of the aquarium
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217
Image : Fig. 152. Eel moving in a horizontal plane
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218
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219
Image : Fig. 153. The skate. Method of fixing tha animal when observing the movements of its fins
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220
Image : Fig. 154. Undulations of the fins of a skate, viewed from the side
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221
Image : Fig. 155. Undulations of the fins of a skate, viewed from in front
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222
Image : Fig. 156. Sea-horse, showing the successive and ascending phases of the undulations of the dorsal fin as the animal descends through the water
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223
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224
Image : Fig. 157. Phases of the movements of a star-fish in turning itself over
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225
Image : Fig. 158. Movement of the appendages of a shrimp
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226 Chapter XIII. Aerial locomotion. The flight of birds
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227
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228
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229
Image : Fig. 159.Myographic record of the pectoral muscles of a bird in flight
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230
Image : Fig. 160. Myographic curves taken from different birds in flight
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231
Image : Fig. 161. Chronophotographic illustration of a gull during flight/ Fig. 162. Flight of a duck
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232
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233
Image : Fig. 163. Flight of a heron. A metre scale in the lower part of the illustration makes it possible to estimate the rapidity of flight
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234
Image : Fig. 164. Flight of a pigeon. The photograph is taken from above
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235
Image : Fig. 165. From a photograph of a pigeon taken in front of a dark background
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236
Image : Fig. 166. Arrangement of the three dark backgrounds and the three cameras for simultaneous photography of a flying bird, as seen from three points of view
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237
Image : Fig. 167. Three series of images to demonstrate the corresponding positions of the bird, when taken from three different points of view
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238
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239 Chapter XIV. Aerial locomotion. The flight of insects
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240
Image : Fig. 168. The two top lines are produced by the contacts of a drone's wing on a smoked cylinder
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241
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242
Image : Fig. 169. Movements of the wing of macroglossus of cheese rennet on the surface of a smoked cylinder
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243
Image : Fig. 170. Appearance of a wap flying in the sun/ Fig. 171. The trajectory of the anterior and posterior border of the wing of an insect during half an oscillation
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244
Image : Fig. 172. Trajectory of the anterior order of the wing during a complete oscillation (Marey)
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245
Image : Fig. 173. Experiment to test the direction of movement of an insect's wing
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246
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247
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248
Image : Fig. 174. Insect flying round and round in front of a dark background
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249
Image : Fig. 175. Photographic trajectory of the wing of a dragon-fly
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250
Image : Fig. 176. Schematic arrangement for illuminating insects when studying their flight
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251
Image : Fig. 177. Chronophotographic apparatus arranged for studying the natural flight of insects
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252
Image : Fig. 178. Fly crawling on a window-pane before taking to flight
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253
Image : Fig. 179. Bee flying about in the chamber of the apparatus
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254
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255
Image : Fig. 180. Illustration to show two Tipulae : one of them remaining motionless on the glass, and the other moving its limbs in different directions, and setting its body at various inclinations
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256
Image : Fig. 181. Tipula in the act of flying, showing the various attitudes of the wings and the position of the balancers
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257
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258 Chapter XV. Comparative locomotion
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259
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260
Image : Fig. 182. Movements of a man's leg in executing a step/ Fig. 183. Movements of the various segments of a horse's hind leg in executing a step
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261
Image : Fig. 184. Movements of an elephant's hind leg in executing a step
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263
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264
Image : Fig. 185. Quadrupedal movements of a fresh-water tortoise in swimming to the surface
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265
Image : Fig. 186. Grey lizard/ Fig. 187. Gecko
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266
Image : Fig. 188. Locomotion of batrachians at different periods of development
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267
Image : Fig. 189. Land-snake in motion
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268
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269
Image : Fig. 190. Eel swimming
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270
Image : Fig. 191. Dog-fish swimming
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271
Image : Fig. 192. Beetle walking/ Fig. 193. The walk of an orthopterous insect
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272
Image : Fig. 194. The walk of a spider
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273
Image : Fig. 195. The walk of a scorpion
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274
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275 Chapter XVI. Applications of chronophotography to experimental physiology
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276
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277
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278
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279
Image : Fig. 196. Heart of a tortoise under conditions of artificial circulation
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280
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281
Image : Fig. 197. Seven successive photographs of a tortoise's heart with artificial circulation
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282
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283
Image : Fig. 198. [Variations in shape and capacity of the auricles and ventricles during a cardiac cycle]
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284
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285
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286
Image : Fig. 199. Experiment for showing by chronophotography the mechanism of cardiac pulsation
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287
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288
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289
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290
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291 Chapter XVII. Microscopic chronophotography
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292
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293
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294
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295
Image : Fig. 200. Special apparatus adapted to chronophotography for studying the movements of microscopic speciments
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296
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297
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298
Image : Fig. 201. Showing the movements of some vorticellae and this retraction of their spiral stalks
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299
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300
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301
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302
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303
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304 Chapter XVIII. Synthetic reconstruction of the elements of an analysed movement
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305
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306
Image : Fig. 202. Disc of phenakistoscope, showing the different phases of movement of a gull's wing
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307
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308
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309
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310
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311
Image : Fig. 203. Zootrope, with figures of a gull in relief, and in the successive attitudes of flight
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312
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313
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314
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315
Image : Fig. 204. Demeny's photophone
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317
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318
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319 Index. A - C
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320 C - G
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321 G - O
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322 O - V
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323 V - Z
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