The comparative analysis of English and French medical students in the first half of the nineteenth century reveals a unified France where the previous century’s regional and professional specificities gave way to a rational approach to medical education, and a pragmatic England where laissez-faire ideology allowed the various actors involved in medical instruction to shape education according to their interests.
In France, the state fused the profession and established a strict hierarchy between Faculty graduates (docteurs), and
officiers de santé whose shorter period of instruction was provided by
écoles secondaires de médecine. In England, the profession’s division into three branches (physic, surgery and pharmacy) was more ideal than real. A more striking distinction appeared between a double elite of physicians and pure surgeons, and a
great majority of general practitioners who undertook a more limited education combining apprenticeship, and theoretical and practical courses. Medical schools developed independently from the state and from the corporations who granted the right to practise, and formed a market in which students freely attended the required courses.
Beyond necessary similarities in the content of instruction, the curriculum prescribed by the French government encouraged students towards anatomo-clinical science while the English licensing authorities emphasised practice and therapeutics. Although students were expected to conform to the curriculum, they found opportunities to stray from it to shape their training. Despite a stricter organisation of studies, French students endeavoured, like their
English counterparts, to match their education with their ambitions and remedy the defects of regular instruction.
During the period, social perception of students improved noticeably. Their reputation as unruly drunkards and accomplices of body-snatchers gradually gave way in the 1860s to the more positive image of young men dedicated to science and patients’ health.
This thesis is available in a printed format at the Bodleian library (Oxford) and at the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine (London). For further information do not hesitate to contact me at
florent.palluault@free.fr